Sunday, June 10, 2012

The Ethics of Obfuscation

There was a lot of reaction a few weeks ago when a company that makes razor blades came out with information about how long its products last in use – for the first time in history. For most of the time safety razors have existed manufacturers have avoided saying anything about how many times you could use one before it became too dull or otherwise failed to function, and there was no motivation for them to do so. If the company listed a number that was too high not only would they lower the number of blades purchased (and their sales figures), but they also ran the very real chance of being sued by somebody who was “injured” trying to use a product too many times. But if they listed a number that was too low they were damaging the image of their product (you only get HOW MANY uses out of each one? What a piece of junk!) as well as raising the effective cost to the consumer by limiting how many shaves you get for your dollar. All things considered, it just made more sense not to comment and let people find out for themselves…

In recent years, however, the cost of razor blades has risen to the point where this strategy is no longer entirely effective. People may not care whether a $1 product gives them five uses as opposed to four – it’s a five-cent difference per use, and one dollar a week is a mostly trivial amount anyway. But when that amount rises to $4 per cartridge we are now talking a dollar per use, or potentially $365 per year, and those disposable razors that cost fifty cents each are starting to look a lot more attractive – even if they turn out to be single-use items, you’re still saving 50% each day. If the company wants to continue charging that amount per unit, they need to introduce some form of additional value to the customer, and since they are already claiming to provide a superior product (e.g. a more comfortable and effective shave) they can’t just claim the product is worth the extra money and hope for the best…

With the introduction of a television spot claiming that its top-of-the-line razors can last up to five weeks, Gillette has finally crossed over that line – although we should note that the ad does say “up to” five weeks, and does not discuss whether the spokesman (seen traveling around the world during the commercial) actually used it every day for five weeks or just when the cameras were rolling. The question that came to my mind wasn’t so much whether these claims were too vague to challenge (they are) but whether this sort of obfuscation was ethical in the first place? Or is it an unavoidable side-effect of offering products in this category in the first place?

In general, there is no way for the manufacturer to gauge how many uses a given customer will get from one shaving cartridge. Beard hairs vary in thickness and hardness, and users who shave their whole face will get fewer uses from those who wear a goatee, or from those who just use the razor to keep their neck clean. This time frame becomes even more ambiguous for those customers who also shave their legs or backs, or who have a significant other who borrows their razor to do so. And even if all hair was identical, and all users had the same amount of it to manage, the question of what constitutes too dull to shave with is a matter of taste, and different customers will put up with different amounts of discomfort and/or razor burn. It might be possible for the manufacturer to recommend guidelines, or for the industry to establish standards for comparison, but none of the companies involved have any motivation for doing so – and the real question is more general anyway…

Does any company offering a consumer product for sale have an ethical responsibility to inform its customers how many uses they can expect to get before the product requires replacement? Granted that this is not always possible – and even when it is, a precise figure may not be realistic – does the manufacturer have any obligation to provide performance and/or life cycle information to the consumer? Does our answer change if the company has in-house test data that provides a reasonable estimate of the product’s durability? Or does a free market require us to allow any company to market whatever safe and effective products it wants to, and let the consumer draw his or her own conclusions about product life and relative value?

It’s worth thinking about…

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